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Packet 5: Bonus 21

Substitution models help calculate probabilities in these diagrams, which become more likely when their parsimony is maximized. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name these cladistic diagrams that visualize evolutionary relationships using nodes and branches.
ANSWER: phylogenetic trees [or phylogeny or phylogenies or evolutionary trees or phylograms or cladograms or chronograms or trees of life; prompt on trees or graphs or dendrograms]
[10h] Substitution models used to estimate phylogenies include this simplest DNA evolution model named for two biologists. Developed in 1969, this model assumes equal frequency and mutation rate between nucleotide bases.
ANSWER: Jukes–Cantor model [or JC69 model; accept Jukes–Cantor distance]
[10m] Employing Kimura’s K2P model often yields a more accurate phylogeny since the model accounts for the different rates of these two types of mutations. One of these mutations causes an interchange between a purine and a pyrimidine, while the other causes an interchange between purines or pyrimidines. Name either.
ANSWER: transversions or transitions [accept either answerline]
<MS, Biology> | NAFTA-Packet-5

HeardPPBE %M %H %
2514.00100%28%12%

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Conversion

TeamOpponentPart 1Part 2Part 3TotalParts
It's something unpredictable/that in the end is right/please refrain from e-mailing my wifeDavid Foster Gromit100010E

Summary

TournamentEditionMatchHeardPPBE %M %H %
2026 NAFTA at Stanford01/17/2026✓412.50100%25%0%
2025 NAFTA Online02/14/2026✓316.67100%33%33%
2026 NAFTA at Vanderbilt02/14/2026✓110.00100%0%0%
2025 NAFTA at Maryland09/27/2025✓120.00100%100%0%
2025 NAFTA at Harvard10/04/2025✓210.00100%0%0%
2025 NAFTA at Oxford10/11/2025✓310.00100%0%0%
2025 NAFTA at Chicago11/08/2025✓615.00100%33%17%
2025 NAFTA at Columbia11/08/2025✓417.50100%50%25%
2025 NAFTA at Richmond12/20/2025✓110.00100%0%0%