Packet 5: Bonus 21
Substitution models help calculate probabilities in these diagrams, which become more likely when their parsimony is maximized. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name these cladistic diagrams that visualize evolutionary relationships using nodes and branches.
ANSWER: phylogenetic trees [or phylogeny or phylogenies or evolutionary trees or phylograms or cladograms or chronograms or trees of life; prompt on trees or graphs or dendrograms]
[10h] Substitution models used to estimate phylogenies include this simplest DNA evolution model named for two biologists. Developed in 1969, this model assumes equal frequency and mutation rate between nucleotide bases.
ANSWER: Jukes–Cantor model [or JC69 model; accept Jukes–Cantor distance]
[10m] Employing Kimura’s K2P model often yields a more accurate phylogeny since the model accounts for the different rates of these two types of mutations. One of these mutations causes an interchange between a purine and a pyrimidine, while the other causes an interchange between purines or pyrimidines. Name either.
ANSWER: transversions or transitions [accept either answerline]
<MS, Biology> | NAFTA-Packet-5
| Heard | PPB | E % | M % | H % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 14.00 | 100% | 28% | 12% |
Conversion
| Team | Opponent | Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Total | Parts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000000 Delinquents | Invective Against Swans | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | E |
| BHSU | In the Mood for Transportation Equipment | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | E |
| Indiana | The tram is not in service; please use the moving walkway. | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Muscle Mass Extinction Event | Chicago !A | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | E |
| Northwestern | Execute Order 6 7 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 | EHM |
| Quebecois Olga Tokarczuk be like 'freins de jacob interdits' | (give me an) ANSWER: die for baseball | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | E |
Summary
| Tournament | Edition | Match | Heard | PPB | E % | M % | H % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 NAFTA at Stanford | 01/17/2026 | ✓ | 4 | 12.50 | 100% | 25% | 0% |
| 2025 NAFTA Online | 02/14/2026 | ✓ | 3 | 16.67 | 100% | 33% | 33% |
| 2026 NAFTA at Vanderbilt | 02/14/2026 | ✓ | 1 | 10.00 | 100% | 0% | 0% |
| 2025 NAFTA at Maryland | 09/27/2025 | ✓ | 1 | 20.00 | 100% | 100% | 0% |
| 2025 NAFTA at Harvard | 10/04/2025 | ✓ | 2 | 10.00 | 100% | 0% | 0% |
| 2025 NAFTA at Oxford | 10/11/2025 | ✓ | 3 | 10.00 | 100% | 0% | 0% |
| 2025 NAFTA at Chicago | 11/08/2025 | ✓ | 6 | 15.00 | 100% | 33% | 17% |
| 2025 NAFTA at Columbia | 11/08/2025 | ✓ | 4 | 17.50 | 100% | 50% | 25% |
| 2025 NAFTA at Richmond | 12/20/2025 | ✓ | 1 | 10.00 | 100% | 0% | 0% |