phylogenetic trees - 2025 NAFTA

Packet 5: Bonus 21

Substitution models help calculate probabilities in these diagrams, which become more likely when their parsimony is maximized. For 10 points each:

[10e] Name these cladistic diagrams that visualize evolutionary relationships using nodes and branches.

ANSWER: phylogenetic trees [or phylogeny or phylogenies or evolutionary trees or phylograms or cladograms or chronograms or trees of life; prompt on trees or graphs or dendrograms]

[10h] Substitution models used to estimate phylogenies include this simplest DNA evolution model named for two biologists. Developed in 1969, this model assumes equal frequency and mutation rate between nucleotide bases.

ANSWER: Jukes–Cantor model [or JC69 model; accept Jukes–Cantor distance]

[10m] Employing Kimura’s K2P model often yields a more accurate phylogeny since the model accounts for the different rates of these two types of mutations. One of these mutations causes an interchange between a purine and a pyrimidine, while the other causes an interchange between purines or pyrimidines. Name either.

ANSWER: transversions or transitions [accept either answerline]

<MS, Biology> | NAFTA-Packet-5

Heard	PPB	E %	M %	H %
25	14.00	100%	28%	12%

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Conversion

Team	Opponent	Part 1	Part 2	Part 3	Total	Parts
1000000 Delinquents	Invective Against Swans	10	0	0	10	E
BHSU	In the Mood for Transportation Equipment	10	0	0	10	E
Berkeley B	Berkeley A	10	0	0	10	E
C R A B S	H Charlson's Washed Up Scrubs	10	0	0	10	E
Constans Constantius and Constantine Jr.	Not Old! (Old)	10	0	10	20	EM
Dielectrical Materialism	No Country for Old Quizzers	10	0	0	10	E
Habitat 67	NYU B or not NYU B (that is the question)	10	0	10	20	EM
Indiana	The tram is not in service; please use the moving walkway.	10	0	10	20	EM
It's something unpredictable/that in the end is right/please refrain from e-mailing my wife	David Foster Gromit	10	0	0	10	E
JHU	Maryland F♯ A♯ ∞	10	0	10	20	EM
Maybe Ever	WashU	10	0	0	10	E
Muscle Mass Extinction Event	Chicago !A	10	0	0	10	E
Northwestern	Execute Order 6 7	10	10	10	30	EHM
Quebecois Olga Tokarczuk be like 'freins de jacob interdits'	(give me an) ANSWER: die for baseball	10	0	0	10	E
Shipping Down from Ballston	NYU A	10	0	0	10	E
Stanford A	Stanford B	10	0	0	10	E
Team 7	Team 8	10	0	0	10	E
The "C" Team	Untitled by Alexander McQueen by Premeditated Chaos by Alexander McQueen by Percival Everett	10	10	0	20	EH
The Fire Neg Time	The Saint-Straw that Broke the Camille's Back	10	0	0	10	E
The Third Time when she was Given to Answer the Hard and the Easy, and Answered Only the Easy	Dour Straits	10	0	0	10	E
The Umayyad Caliphate be like REPEAL NAPHTHA	Georgia Tech 𓂈𓆉𓃡	10	0	0	10	E
The Worst Trade Deal in the History of Trade Deals	W&L+Friend	10	10	10	30	EHM
Untitled Keyal Team	Noah Sheidlower	10	0	10	20	EM
[Redacted]	Lex	10	0	0	10	E
consumption smoothing by borrowing future big law income	Capital One in the Twenty-First Century	10	0	0	10	E

Summary

Tournament	Edition	Match	Heard	PPB	E %	M %	H %
2026 NAFTA at Stanford	01/17/2026	✓	4	12.50	100%	25%	0%
2025 NAFTA Online	02/14/2026	✓	3	16.67	100%	33%	33%
2026 NAFTA at Vanderbilt	02/14/2026	✓	1	10.00	100%	0%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Maryland	09/27/2025	✓	1	20.00	100%	100%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Harvard	10/04/2025	✓	2	10.00	100%	0%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Oxford	10/11/2025	✓	3	10.00	100%	0%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Chicago	11/08/2025	✓	6	15.00	100%	33%	17%
2025 NAFTA at Columbia	11/08/2025	✓	4	17.50	100%	50%	25%
2025 NAFTA at Richmond	12/20/2025	✓	1	10.00	100%	0%	0%