Packet 3: Tossup 3

Limb asymmetry occurs when one of these systems has a non-uniform scale height. These systems photoevaporate below the radius valley. JWST’s NIRISS (“NEAR-iss”) instrument is conducting the first large-scale survey of these systems using transmission spectroscopy, (15[1]-5[1])which studies the variation of transit depth with wavelength. Particles at the tails (15[1])of the (15[1])Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution leave these systems (15[1])in Jeans escape. (15[2]-5[1])Ramirez and Kaltenegger argued (15[1])that (*) red giant stars’ strong winds would cause these systems to be stripped. (10[1])Earth’s magnetic (10[1])field (10[4])slows one of these (10[1])systems’ (10[1])rate of mass loss. (10[2]-5[1])In 2020, (-5[1])ALMA mistakenly reported the detection of a phosphine biosignature (10[2])in Venus’ (10[2])one (10[1])of these (10[1])systems. (10[5])For 10 points, (10[1])one of what systems maintains Venus’ high temperatures via the greenhouse (10[1])effect? (10[1])■END■ (10[2])

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