cold dark matter - 2025 NAFTA

Packet 9: Bonus 3

Simulations that popularized this theory were conducted by Marc Davis, George Efstathiou, Carlos Frenk, and Simon White, who made up Berkeley’s “Gang of Four.” For 10 points each:

[10h] What theory describes a component whose “w” parameter is approximately zero? This theory predicts bottom-up structure formation.

ANSWER: cold dark matter [or CDM; prompt on Lambda-CDM by asking “what part of that theory?”; prompt on particle dark matter; reject “dark matter” alone]

[10e] The Gang of Four’s cosmological simulations treated structure formation as an instance of this problem. Poincaré proved that this problem cannot be analytically solved for three or more objects.

ANSWER: N-body problem [reject “many-body problem”]

[10m] Frenk, White, and Julian Navarro developed an analytical “profile” of this quantity through N-body simulations of galaxies. The first Friedmann equation implies that this quantity’s “critical” form equals 3 H squared over 8 pi G.

ANSWER: density [accept density profile; accept critical density]

<FW, Other Science (Astronomy)> | NAFTA-Packet-9

Heard	PPB	E %	M %	H %
42	11.90	74%	36%	10%

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Conversion

Team	Opponent	Part 1	Part 2	Part 3	Total	Parts
(give me an) ANSWER: die for baseball	Muscle Mass Extinction Event	0	0	0	0
Abbas I founded the Abbasids	The Unbearable Heaviness of History Players	0	0	0	0
Berkeley B	Team 8	0	10	10	20	EM
Catholic University A	UNC Charity	0	0	0	0
Constans Constantius and Constantine Jr.	Berkeley A	0	10	10	20	EM
Contessa Dora	Penn State	0	10	10	20	EM
Copán Seethe	Polish Orthographers Posting Their Łs	0	0	0	0
David Foster Gromit	It's something unpredictable/that in the end is right/please refrain from e-mailing my wife	0	10	0	10	E
Dielectrical Materialism	Dour Straits	0	10	10	20	EM
Execute Order 6 7	1000000 Delinquents	0	10	10	20	EM
Georgia Tech 𓂈𓆉𓃡	Ana Pauker? I hardly know her!	0	10	10	20	EM
Guelph Cloze	Licence to Bill	0	10	0	10	E
Habitat 67	Untitled Keyal Team	0	10	0	10	E
I fear not the man who has reviewed 10000 cards once, but I fear the man who has reviewed one card 10000 times	Where's the nearest library, I need to have a public crashout.	0	10	0	10	E
I'm just here (being trivia club president) so I won't get fined	Licence to C. Wright Mill	0	10	0	10	E
In the Mood for Transportation Equipment	Invective Against Swans	0	10	10	20	EM
Indiana	BHSU	0	10	10	20	EM
Maryland F♯ A♯ ∞	Munir Siddiqui Fan Club	10	10	10	30	HEM
Maybe Ever	WashU	0	10	0	10	E
NYU A	The "C" Team	0	10	0	10	E
NYU B or not NYU B (that is the question)	Six Quizbowlers in Search of Owen Minmo	0	0	0	0
Noah Sheidlower	Negged Five Times in a Yellow Cab Against the Gottis and Gambinos	0	10	0	10	E
Northwestern	Chicago !A	0	10	0	10	E
Quebecois Olga Tokarczuk be like 'freins de jacob interdits'	The tram is not in service; please use the moving walkway.	0	10	10	20	EM
Rosslyn Academic Team	JHU	0	0	0	0
St. Marx	[Redacted]	0	0	0	0
Stanford A	Stanford B	0	10	0	10	E
Strange Case of Dr. Joker and Mr. Pennywise	William of Baskerville attempts to investigate John P. Robarts, gets turned away for not having a student card	0	10	0	10	E
Team 7	Not Old! (Old)	0	0	0	0
Tennessee A	Say It Ain't Zhou	10	0	0	10	H
The Fire Neg Time	Capital One in the Twenty-First Century	0	10	0	10	E
The Saint-Straw that Broke the Camille's Back	Surrealist Subcommandante Marcos be like Esto no es una pipa	0	10	0	10	E
The Third Time when she was Given to Answer the Hard and the Easy, and Answered Only the Easy	H Charlson's Washed Up Scrubs	0	10	0	10	E
The Umayyad Caliphate be like REPEAL NAPHTHA	Girls who Just Want to Have Fun + Liam	10	10	10	30	HEM
The Worst Trade Deal in the History of Trade Deals	Lex	0	10	10	20	EM
UBC B	UBC A	0	0	0	0
Untitled by Alexander McQueen by Premeditated Chaos by Alexander McQueen by Percival Everett	Shipping Down from Ballston	0	10	10	20	EM
Vacuous Tortoise	C R A B S	0	10	0	10	E
You Don't Have the Cards	The lion does not concern itself with negging teammates out of their own categories	0	10	10	20	EM
consumption smoothing by borrowing future big law income	Middlesex County Fetty Wap Fan Club	0	10	0	10	E
four high school generalists shock natives with fluent stock in Tocharian B	W&L+Friend	0	0	0	0
https://i.imgur.com/C6nN2FE.png	Mike and Psmith	10	10	10	30	HEM

Summary

Tournament	Edition	Match	Heard	PPB	E %	M %	H %
2026 NAFTA at Stanford	01/17/2026	✓	4	12.50	75%	50%	0%
2026 NAFTA at UBC	01/17/2026	✓	2	0.00	0%	0%	0%
2025 NAFTA Online	02/14/2026	✓	4	7.50	50%	25%	0%
2026 NAFTA at Vanderbilt	02/14/2026	✓	3	20.00	67%	67%	67%
2025 NAFTA at Toronto	09/13/2025	✓	5	12.00	100%	20%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Maryland	09/27/2025	✓	5	16.00	60%	60%	40%
2025 NAFTA at Harvard	10/04/2025	✓	3	10.00	100%	0%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Oxford	10/11/2025	✓	3	13.33	100%	33%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Chicago	11/08/2025	✓	6	15.00	83%	67%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Columbia	11/08/2025	✓	5	10.00	80%	20%	0%
2025 NAFTA at Richmond	12/20/2025	✓	2	5.00	50%	0%	0%